1.00:13 Egypt's Naqada culture

2.00:52 The earliest Egyptian civilization was not based on irrigated agriculture

3.02:34 Did ancient Egyptians live relatively well under the pharaohs?

4.04:44 Ancient Egypt's early iron farm tools and ox-drawn plows

5.06:03 Two sets of terms for Egyptian civilization

6.08:24 What is the Semito-Hamitic language family?

7.10:50 Egyptian religion and centralized power

8.12:37 Coptic as a continuation of ancient Egyptian

9.13:16 Christianity enters Egypt

An archaeological culture of Egypt's Predynastic period, circa 4000—3000 BCE, named after Naqada in Qena Governorate. A 2013 Oxford University radiocarbon study of the Predynastic period dated its beginning to roughly 3800–3700 BCE. Naqada III was the culture's final phase and is often called Dynasty 0 or the Protodynastic period, reflecting the growing influence of kings as heads of city-states.

The English word nome derives from the Greek nομός, meaning “district.” Around 3500 BCE, it was the earliest form of state in Predynastic Egypt. Its hieroglyph depicts land divided by many canals into sections, so it may also be translated as a “province.”

Upper and Lower Egypt together had more than forty-two nomes. Most were small and developed from tribes or tribal alliances into city-state-like polities. Each had a city at a transportation hub. Its king was the supreme military leader, high priest, and chief judge. Nomes frequently fought one another.